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| Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn.pdf ![]() Contents From the Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Preface to the Fourth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Important and Useful Equations for HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1 HPLC: A powerful separation method . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 A first HPLC experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Liquid chromatographic separation modes . . . . 7 1.4 The HPLC instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Safety in the HPLC laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Comparison between high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography . . . . . 10 1.7 Pressure units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.8 Length units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9 Scientific journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.10 Recommended books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 Theoretical Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1 The chromatographic process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Band broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 The chromatogram and its purport . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Graphical representation of peak pairs with different degrees of resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.5 Factors affecting resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.6 Extra-column volumes (dead volumes) . . . . . . . . 37 2.7 Tailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.8 Peak capacity and statistical resolution probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.9 Effects of temperature in HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.10 The limits of HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 vii 3 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.1 General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2 The short-stroke piston pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3 Maintenance and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.4 Other pump designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4 Preparation of Equipment up to Sample Injection . . . . 58 4.1 Selection of mobile phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.2 Preparation of the mobile phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3 Gradient systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 Capillary tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.6 Sample injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.7 Sample solution and sample volume . . . . . . . . . 71 5 Solvent Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1 Table of organic solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 Solvent selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.3 Miscibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.4 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.5 Shelf-life of mobile phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.6 The mixing cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.2 UV detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3 Refractive index detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.4 Fluorescence detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.5 Electrochemical (amperometric) detectors . . . . . . 92 6.6 Light scattering detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.7 Other detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.8 Multiple detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.9 Indirect detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.10 Coupling with spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7 Columns and Stationary Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.1 Columns for HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.2 Precolumns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.3 General properties of column packings . . . . . . . . 109 7.4 Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.5 Chemically modified silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.6 Styrene-divinylbenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 viii Contents 7.7 Some other stationary phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.8 Column care and regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8 HPLC Column Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.1 Simple tests for HPLC columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.2 Determination of particle size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.3 Determination of breakthrough time . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.4 The test mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.5 Dimensionless parameters for HPLC column characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.6 The van Deemter equation from reduced parameters and its use in column diagnosis . . . . 141 8.7 Diffusion coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9 Adsorption Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.1 What is adsorption? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.2 The eluotropic series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.3 Selectivity properties of the mobile phase . . . . . 152 9.4 Choice and optimization of the mobile phase . . . 153 9.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 10 Reversed-Phase Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 10.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 10.2 Mobile phases in reversed-phase chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 10.3 Solvent selectivity and strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 10.4 Stationary phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.5 Method development in reversed-phase chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 10.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 10.7 Hydrophobic interaction chromatography . . . . . . 175 11 Chromatography with Chemically Bonded Phases . . . . 178 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 11.2 Properties of some stationary phases . . . . . . . . . 178 12 Ion-Exchange Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 12.2 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 12.3 Properties of ion exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 12.4 Influence of the mobile phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 12.5 Special possibilities of ion exchange . . . . . . . . . . 188 Contents ix 12.6 Practical hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 12.7 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 13 Ion-Pair Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 13.2 Ion-pair chromatography in practice . . . . . . . . . . 196 13.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 13.4 Appendix: UV detection using ion-pair reagents . 199 14 Ion Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 14.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 14.2 Suppression techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 14.3 Phase systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 14.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 15 Size-Exclusion Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 15.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 15.2 The calibration chromatogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 15.3 Molecular mass determination by means of size-exclusion chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 15.4 Coupled size-exclusion columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 15.5 Phase systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 15.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 16 Affinity Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 16.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 16.2 Affinity chromatography as a special case of HPLC 223 16.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 17 Choice of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 18 Solving the Elution Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 18.1 The elution problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 18.2 Solvent gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 18.3 Column switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 18.4 Optimization of an isocratic chromatogram using four solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 18.5 Optimization of the other parameters . . . . . . . . . 247 18.6 Mixed stationary phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 19 Analytical HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 19.1 Qualitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 19.2 Trace analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 19.3 Quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 19.4 Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 19.5 Peak-height and peak-area determination for quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 x Contents 19.6 Integration errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 19.7 The detection wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 19.8 Apparatus test, validation and system suitability test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 19.9 Measurement uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 19.10 Derivatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 19.11 Unexpected peaks: ghost and system peaks . . . . 282 20 Preparative HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 20.1 Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 20.2 Preparative HPLC in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 20.3 Overloading effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 20.4 Fraction collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 20.5 Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 20.6 Displacement chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 21 Separation of Enantiomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 21.2 Chiral mobile phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 21.3 Chiral liquid stationary phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 21.4 Chiral solid stationary phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 21.5 Indirect separation of enantiomers . . . . . . . . . . . 308 22 Special Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 22.1 Micro and capillary HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 22.2 High-speed and super-speed HPLC . . . . . . . . . . . 313 22.3 HPLC with supercritical mobile phases . . . . . . . . 316 22.4 Electrochromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 23 Appendix 1: Applied HPLC Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 24 Appendix 2: How to Perform the Instrument Test . . . . 330 24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 24.2 The test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 24.3 Documentation, limiting values and tolerances . . 335 25 Appendix 3: Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 26 Appendix 4: Column Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Index of Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 c'est le lien de telechargement en profiter!!! ![]() |
| عدد 4 من الطلاب تقدموا بالشكر لكاتب الموضوع aljonayd علي هذه المشاركة الطيبة : | ||
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| رد : Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn.pdf شكرا لك اخي الكريم |
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| رد : Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn جزاك الله خير |
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| رد : Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn بارك الله فيك |
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| رد : Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn بارك الله فيك اخى الكريم ![]() ![]() |
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مواضيع مشابهة للموضوع: Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 4th Edn | ||||
| الموضوع | الكاتب | القسم | الردود | آخر مشاركة |
| Low-Power NoC for High-Performance SoC Design | vaiduakhu | الهندسة الإلكترونية والكهربائية | 1 | 2008-07-13 01:14 PM |
| Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography | inmyheart | الكيمياء التحليلية | 3 | 2008-05-17 09:35 AM |
| Columns for Gas Chromatography: Performance and Selection | abu-omar | الكيمياء التحليلية | 2 | 2008-04-20 11:01 AM |
| High Performance Pigments | abu-omar | الكيمياء العامة | 1 | 2008-02-15 02:49 AM |
| كتاب Liquid Chromatography Column Theory -Raymond P. W. Scott | المهاجر | الكيمياء التحليلية | 3 | 2007-02-27 09:36 PM |