بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله


Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition. 2005 Thieme




Description: This paperback atlas is intended for students
of medicine and the biological sciences. It
provides an introduction to biochemistry,
but with its modular structure it can also be
used as a reference book for more detailed
information. The 216 color plates provide
knowledge in the field of biochemistry, accompanied
by detailed information in the
text on the facing page. The degree of dif -
culty of the subject-matter is indicated by
symbols in the text:

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Basics
Chemistry
Periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Molecular structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Isomerism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Biomolecules I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Biomolecules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Physical Chemistry
Energetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Equilibriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Enthalpy and entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reaction kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Water as a solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Hydrophobic interactions. . . . . . . . . . . 28
Acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Redox processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chemistry of sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Monosaccharides and disaccharides . . . 38
Polysaccharides: overview . . . . . . . . . . 40
Plant polysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins . 44
Lipids
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Fatty acids and fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Phospholipids and glycolipids . . . . . . . 50
Isoprenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Steroid structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Steroids: overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Amino Acids
Chemistry and properties. . . . . . . . . . . 58
Proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . . . . . 60
Non-proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . 62
Peptides and Proteins
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Peptide bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Secondary structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Structural proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Globular proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Protein folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Molecularmodels: insulin. . . . . . . . . . . 76
Isolation and analysis of proteins . . . . . 78
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Bases and nucleotides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Molecular models: DNA and RNA . . . . . 86
Metabolism
Enzymes
Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Enzyme catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Enzyme kinetics I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Enzyme kinetics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Lactate dehydrogenase: structure . . . . . 98
Lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism . . . 100
Enzymatic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Coenzymes 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Coenzymes 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Coenzymes 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Activatedmetabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Metabolic Regulation
Intermediarymetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . 112
Regulatorymechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Allosteric regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Transcription control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Hormonal control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Energy Metabolism
ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Energetic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Energy conservation at membranes. . . . 126
Photosynthesis: light reactions . . . . . . . 128
Photosynthesis: dark reactions . . . . . . . 130
Molecular models: membrane proteins . 132
Oxoacid dehydrogenases. . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Tricarboxylic acid cycle: reactions . . . . . 136
Tricarboxylic acid cycle: functions . . . . . 138
Respiratory chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
ATP synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Respiration and fermentation . . . . . . . . 146
Fermentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
VIII
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glycolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Pentose phosphate pathway . . . . . . . . . 152
Gluconeogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Glycogenmetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Diabetesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Lipid Metabolism
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Fatty acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Minor pathways of fatty acid
degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fatty acid synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Biosynthesis of complex lipids . . . . . . . 170
Biosynthesis of cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . 172
Protein Metabolism
Protein metabolism: overview . . . . . . . 174
Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Transamination and deamination . . . . . 178
Amino acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Urea cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Amino acid biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Nucleotide Metabolism
Nucleotide degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis . . . 188
Nucleotide biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Porphyrin Metabolism
Heme biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Heme degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Organelles
Basics
Structure of cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Cell fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Centrifugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Cell components and cytoplasm . . . . . . 202
Cytoskeleton
Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Mitochondria
Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Transport systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Biological Membranes
Structure and components . . . . . . . . . . 214
Functions and composition. . . . . . . . . . 216
Transport processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Transport proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Ion channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Membrane receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
ER: structure and function. . . . . . . . . . 226
Protein sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Protein synthesis and maturation . . . . 230
Proteinmaturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Lysosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Molecular Genetics
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Transcription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Transcriptional control . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
RNAmaturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Amino acid activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Translation I: initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Translation II: elongation and
termination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Mutation and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Genetic engineering
DNA cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
DNA sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
PCR and protein expression. . . . . . . . . 262
Genetic engineering in medicine . . . . . 264
Tissues and organs
Digestion
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Digestive secretions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Digestive processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Resorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Blood
Composition and functions . . . . . . . . . 274
Plasma proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Lipoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Gas transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Erythrocytemetabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Ironmetabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Acid–base balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Blood clotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Fibrinolysis, blood groups . . . . . . . . . . 292
Immune system
Immune response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
T-cell activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Complement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Antibody biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay . 304
Contents IX
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition © 2005 Thieme
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