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كتاب Introduction to GPS.The.Global Positioning System

Overview of GPS
GPS consists, nominally, of a constellation of 24 operational satellites. This
constellation, known as the initial operational capability (IOC), was completed
in July 1993. The official IOC announcement, however, was made
on December 8, 1993 [3]. To ensure continuous worldwide coverage, GPS
satellites are arranged so that four satellites are placed in each of six orbital
planes (Figure 1.1). With this constellation geometry, four to ten GPS satellites
will be visible anywhere in the world, if an elevation angle of 10° is
considered. As discussed later, only four satellites are needed to provide the
positioning, or location, information.
GPS satellite orbits are nearly circular (an elliptical shape with a maximum
eccentricity is about 0.01), with an inclination of about 55° to the
equator. The semimajor axis of a GPS orbit is about 26,560 km (i.e., the satellite
altitude of about 20,200 km above the Earth’s surface) [4]. The corresponding
GPS orbital period is about 12 sidereal hours (~11 hours, 58
minutes). The GPS system was officially declared to have achieved full
operational capability (FOC) on July 17, 1995, ensuring the availability of
at least 24 operational, nonexperimental,GPS satellites. In fact, as shown in
Section 1.4, since GPS achieved its FOC, the number of satellites in the GPS
constellation has always been more than 24 operational satellites.
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PDFISBN: 1580531830
Title: Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System
Author: Ahmed El-Rabbany
Publisher: Artech House Publishers
Publication Date: 2002-01-01
Number Of Pages: 196
Average Amazon Rating: 4.5


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